Brain cell

 ( Central Nervous System Neurons ) 

Brain cells make up the functional tissue of the brain. The rest of the brain tissue is the structural stroma that includes connective tissue such as the meninges, , and ducts. The two main types of cells in the brain are , also known as nerve cells, and , also known as neuroglia.

There are many types of neuron, and several types of glial cell.

Neurons are the of the brain that function by communicating with other neurons and (via ), in and larger brain networks. The two main neuronal classes in the cerebral cortex are excitatory projection neurons (around 70-80%) and inhibitory interneurons (around 20–30%). Neurons are often grouped into a cluster known as a nucleus where they usually have roughly similar connections and functions.

Nuclei are connected to other nuclei by nerve tract of white matter.

Glia are the supporting cells of the neurons and have many functions of which not all are clearly understood, but include providing support and nutrients to the neurons. Glia are grouped into macroglia—, , and , and much smaller microglia which are the of the central nervous system. Astrocytes are seen to be capable of communication with neurons involving a signaling process similar to neurotransmission, called gliotransmission.

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Cell types Brain cell types are the functional , and supporting glia.

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Neurons Neurons, also called nerve cells, are the functional electrically excitable cells of the brain. They can only function in collaboration with other neurons and in a neural circuit. There are an estimated 100 billion neurons in the human brain. Neurons are polarised cells that are specialised for the conduction of also called nerve impulses. They can also synthesise membrane and protein. Neurons communicate with other neurons using released from their , and they may be inhibitory, excitatory or Neuromodulation.

(2025). 9780123858702 ISBN 9780123858702

Neurons may be termed by their associated neurotransmitter such as excitatory dopaminergic neurons and inhibitory GABAergic.

Cerebral cortex interneurons only make up around a fifth of the neuronal population but they play a major role in modulating cortical activity needed for cognition and many aspects of learning and memory. Cortical interneurons vary in shape, molecular make-up, and electrophysiology; they function collectively to maintain the balance between excitation and inhibition in the cortex primarily through the use of GABA. Disruption of this balance is a common feature of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. A cause of the disruption can occur in prenatal development through the exposure to chemicals and environment.

In the cerebral cortex different neurons occupy the different cortical layers and include the and . In the cerebellum and interneuronal Golgi cells predominate.

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Glia

Glial cells are the supporting cells of the neurons. The three types of glial cells are , , and , known collectively as macroglia, and the smaller Macrophage known as microglia. Glial stem cells are found in all parts of the adult brain. Glial cells greatly outnumber neurons and apart from their supporting role to neurons, glia – astrocytes in particular have been acknowledged as being able to communicate with neurons involving a signalling process similar to neurotransmission called Gliotransmitter. They cannot produce an action potential as generated by a neuron but in their large numbers they can produce chemicals expressing excitability that exert an influence on neural circuitry. The star-like shape of the astrocyte allows contact with a great many synapses.

Categories: Central Nervous System Neurons, Glial Cells, Neurons

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